We developed an artificial neural network as an air quality model and estimated the scope of the climate change impact on future (until 2064) summertime trends of hourly ozone concentrations at an urban air quality station in Tehran, Iran. Our developed scenarios assume that present-time emissions conditions of ozone precursors will remain constant in the future. Therefore, only the climate change impact on future ozone concentrations is investigated in this study. General Circulation Model (GCM) projections indicate more favorable climate conditions for ozone formation over the study Area in the future: the surface temperature increases over all months of the year, solar radiation increases, and precipitation decreases in future summers, and summertime daily maximum temperature increases about 1.2C to 3C until 2064. In the scenario based on present-time ozone conditions in the 2012 summer without any exceedances, the summertime exceedance days of the 8-hr ozone standard are Projected to increase in the future by about 4.2 days in the short term and about 12.3 days in the mid-term. Similarly, in the scenario based on present-time ozone conditions in the 2010 summer with 58 days of exceedance from the 8-hr ozone standard, exceedances are Projected to increase by about 4.5 days in the short term and about 14.1 days in the mid-term. Moreover, the number of Unhealthy and Very Unhealthy days in the 8-hr Air Quality Index (AQI) is also Projected to increase based on pollution scenarios of both summers.

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a common method in data mining that have been used in different applications as a dimension reduction, classification or clustering method. Methods in alternating least square (ALS) Approach usually used to solve this non-convex minimization problem. At each step of ALS algorithms two convex least square problems should be solved, which causes high computational cost. In this paper, based on the properties of norms and orthogonal transformations we propose a framework to project NMF’ s convex sub-problems to smaller problems. This projection reduces the time of finding NMF factors. Also every method on ALS class can be used with our proposed framework.

This study provides an equation of bearing capacity for a rectangular footing placed on dense sand overlying loose sand and subjected to inclined concentric loading using the limit equilibrium followed by Projected Area method. The parameters varied were thickness ratio (0. 00 to 2. 00) of the upper dense sand layer, embedment ratio (0 to 2), friction angle of upper dense (41° to 46°) sand and lower loose (31° to 36°) sand layer, and applied load inclination (0° to 30°) for the parametric study. The highest and lowest increase in the bearing capacity were observed for a friction angle combination of 46°-36° and 41°-31°, respectively, at different thickness ratios. The bearing capacity obtained from the proposed equation was approximately 4. 97 and 10. 5 times its initial value at embedment ratios of 1 and 2, respectively. Bearing capacity was reduced by 20. 55%, 54. 58% and 87. 90% for load inclinations of 5°, 15°, and 30° for friction angles of upper dense and lower loose sand layer combinations of 46° and 36° and at a thickness ratio of 2. The bearing capacity obtained from the proposed equation decreased by 99. 89%, 66. 04%, and 61. 5% as the load inclination increased from 0° to 30° for embedment ratios of 0, 1, and 2. With respect to finite element results, the average deviation of the bearing capacity obtained from the proposed equation at embedment ratios 0, 1, and 2 was 14. 56%, 18. 71% and 23. 56%, respectively. The proposed bearing capacity equation produced results that were consistent with those reported in the literature, with an average deviation of 10. 71%.

Ion implantation plays an important role in fabrication of many types of semiconductor devices. Integrated circuits simulation of ion implantation and computation of Projected range distribution is the corner stone in the design in VLIS. In this paper, a new physical model is presented for this purpose. This model is based on a transport equation technique similar to that employed by Furukawa and Ishiwara but with considering angular scattering of implanted ions. This model is capable of using all types of nuclear reaction crass sections. Comparison of results of this simulation with experimental results and other calculation proves the high accuracy of the presented physical model.    

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

We establish a relationship between general constrained pseudoconvex optimization problems and globally Projected dynamical systems. A corresponding novel neural network model, which is globally convergent and stable in the sense of Lyapunov, is proposed. Both theoretical and numerical Approaches are considered. Numerical simulations for three constrained nonlinear optimization problems are given to show that the numerical behaviors are in good agreement with the theoretical results.

In this paper, we study Projected non-stationary Simultaneous It-erative Reconstruction Techniques (P-SIRT). Based on algorithmic op-erators, convergence result are adjusted with Opial’ s Theorem. The advantages of P-SIRT are demonstrated on examples taken from to-mographic imaging.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) Approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

Counter-urbanization has been defined with many definitions in research literature as increasing of the small town population in the process of urban expansion and development. This study investigates the counter-urbanization process in Isfahan metropolitan Area based on an exploratory method using the population and immigration data, diurnal commuting, and the immigration motivators. The results show that, during different periods, population growth has been changed from the greater cities’ metropolitan Area to the small towns. So that, there is less population growth near the main greater cities during the last decade. Regarding the immigration as well as migration effectiveness over the population, and immigration motivators, it can be said that the most important parameters of small towns’ expansion near the greater cities are better habitation opportunities, and finding better jobs. Furthermore, decreasing the diurnal commuting close to the greater cities shows that small towns, which are farther from the greater city, have more autonomy. In addition, based on polarization reversal model, and population development investigation in metropolitan Areas, there are population development from the greater cities’ centre to the periphery Area, which is leaded to decrease the population of the main greater city, and increase the population absorption in small towns. Consequently, the urbanization of Isfahan metropolitan Area has entered to a counter-urbanization phase.